The place classical epidemiology has confirmed to be insufficient for surveillance and management of foodborne pathogens, molecular epidemiology, utilizing genomic typing strategies, can add worth. Nevertheless, the evaluation of entire genome sequencing (WGS) information varies extensively and isn’t but absolutely harmonised. We used genomic information on 494 Listeria monocytogenes isolates from ready-to-eat meals merchandise and meals processing environments deposited within the pressure assortment of the German Nationwide Reference Laboratory to check varied procedures for WGS information evaluation and to judge compatibility of outcomes.
Two totally different core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) schemes, totally different reference genomes in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) evaluation and business in addition to open-source software program have been in contrast. Correlation of allele distances from the totally different cgMLST approaches was excessive, starting from 0.97 to 1, and unified thresholds yielded greater clustering concordance than scheme-specific thresholds. The variety of detected SNP variations might be elevated as much as an element of three.9 utilizing a selected reference genome in contrast with a normal one. Moreover, particular reference genomes improved comparability of SNP evaluation outcomes obtained utilizing totally different software program instruments. The usage of a closed or a draft particular reference genome didn’t make a distinction.
The harmonisation of WGS information evaluation will lastly assure seamless information alternate, however, within the meantime, data on threshold values that result in comparable clustering of isolates by totally different strategies might enhance communication between laboratories. We subsequently established a translation code between generally utilized cgMLST and SNP strategies primarily based on optimised clustering concordances. This code can work as a primary filter to establish WGS-based typing matches ensuing from totally different strategies, which opens up a brand new perspective for information alternate and thereby accelerates time-critical analyses, equivalent to in outbreak investigations.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Composite Polyethylene Supplies Bolstered with Neem and Turmeric
With the elevated scientific curiosity in inexperienced applied sciences, many researches have been centered on the production of polymeric composites containing naturally occurring reinforcing particles. Aside from rising mechanical properties, these additions can have a variety of attention-grabbing results, equivalent to rising the resistance to bacterial and fungal colonization.
On this work, totally different quantities of two totally different pure merchandise, specifically neem and turmeric, have been added to polyethylene to behave as a pure antibacterial and antifungal product for meals packaging purposes. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterization confirmed that fractions of as much as 5% of those merchandise might be dispersed into low-molecular weight polyethylene, whereas greater quantities couldn’t be correctly dispersed and resulted in an inhomogeneous, fragile composite.
In vitro testing carried out withEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans confirmed a diminished proliferation of pathogens when in comparison with the polyethylene references. Particularly, turmeric resulted in being more practical in opposition to E. coli when in comparison with neem, whereas they’d comparable performances in opposition to S. aureus. In opposition to C. albicans, solely neem was in a position to present antifungal conduct, at excessive concentrations. Tensile testing confirmed that the addition of reinforcing particles diminished the mechanical properties of polyethylene, and within the case of turmeric, it was additional diminished by UV irradiation.
An Autism-Related Mutation Impairs Neuroligin-Four Glycosylation and Enhances Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Human Neurons
Neuroligins (NLGNs) are a category of postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that work together with presynaptic Neurexins (NRXNs) and regulate synapse operate. Neuroligin-4 (NLGN4) is a member of the NLGN household and consists of a singular amino-acid sequence in people that isn’t evolutionarily well-conserved in rodents. The human-specific NLGN4 gene has been reported to be mutated in lots of sufferers with autism and different neurodevelopmental problems. Nevertheless, it remained unclear how these mutations may alter the molecular properties of NLGN4 and have an effect on synaptic transmission in human neurons. Right here, we describe a severely autistic male affected person carrying a single amino-acid substitution (R101Q) within the NLGN4 gene.
When expressed in HEK293 cells, the R101Q mutation in NLGN4 didn’t have an effect on its binding affinity for NRXNs or its capability to kind homodimers. This mutation, nevertheless, impaired the maturation of NLGN4 protein by inhibiting N-linked glycosylation at an adjoining residue (N102), which is conserved in all NLGNs. In consequence, the R101Q substitution considerably decreased the floor trafficking of NLGN4 and elevated its retention within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi equipment. In human neurons derived from male stem-cell traces, the R101Q mutation additionally equally diminished the synaptic localization of NLGN4, leading to a loss-of-function phenotype. This mutation-induced trafficking defect considerably diminished NLGN4’s potential to kind excitatory synapses and modulate their useful properties. Considered collectively, our findings recommend that the R101Q mutation is pathogenic for NLGN4 and might result in synaptic dysfunction in autism.
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 106.8 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 76.8 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 58 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 33.1 |
Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE0307-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.2 |
Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE237 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 106.8 |
Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE238 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 153.6 |
Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE239 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 535.2 |
Sucrose, GlenBiol, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GC3201-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 90 |
Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve |
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| GS8780-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 249.8 |
Sucrose, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GC3201-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.1 |
Formamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS9663-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 48.9 |
Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS6659-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 240.3 |
Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS6659-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 95.8 |
NAD (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE196 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 72 |
NAD (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE197 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 165.6 |
NBT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE209 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 123.6 |
NBT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE210 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 360 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE131 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 93.6 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE132 | GeneOn | 10 g | EUR 133.2 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE133 | GeneOn | 25 g | EUR 243.6 |
BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE108 | GeneOn | 250 mg | EUR 75.6 |
BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE109 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 108 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE117 | GeneOn | 5 mg | EUR 72 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE118 | GeneOn | 25 mg | EUR 159.6 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE119 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 382.8 |
100mL Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 46-000-CI | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 74.4 |
500mL Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 46-000-CV | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 138 |
HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE171 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 98.4 |
HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE172 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 268.8 |
HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE173 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 424.8 |
Water (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE243 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 62.4 |
Water (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE244 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 67.2 |
CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE114 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 66 |
CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE115 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 157.2 |
CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE116 | GeneOn | 25 g | EUR 492 |
Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve |
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| GS3406-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 116.2 |
Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE6258-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 217.2 |
Tween20 (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE242 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 106.8 |
Glycine (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE158 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 84 |
Glycine (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE159 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 228 |
Lysozyme (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE188 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 70.8 |
Lysozyme (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE189 | GeneOn | 10 g | EUR 247.2 |
Formamide deionized (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE145 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 87.6 |
Formamide deionized (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE146 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 120 |
Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS6580-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 107.3 |
Water, distilled, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GK8512-1L | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 l | EUR 92.4 |
Acetonitrile 50, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS0247-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 40.7 |
Acetonitrile 50, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS0247-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 61.3 |
Acetonitrile 10, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS0969-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 47 |
Acetonitrile 10, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS0969-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 73.9 |
Acetonitrile 30, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS8649-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 43.1 |
Acetonitrile 30, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS8649-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 66.5 |
Water, distilled, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GK8512-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 60.1 |
Phenol, (Carbolic acid) Double distilled for Molecular Biology |
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| PD0252 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 192.59 |
Ammonia solution, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS8853-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 91.2 |
Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE6258-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 150.4 |
Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE6258-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | EUR 60.1 |
Tris - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE234 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 99.6 |
Tris - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE235 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 144 |
Tris - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE236 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 223.2 |
1L Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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| 46-000-CM | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 196.8 |
Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| T9100-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 86.4 |
Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| T9100-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 133.2 |
Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| T9100-100 | GenDepot | 1L | EUR 160.8 |
TRIS-Glycine Buffer 10X, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE6710-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 67.9 |
TRIS-Glycine Buffer 10X, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE6710-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 22.7 |
Agarose LE, Ultra-Pure Molecular Biology Grade, 100 g |
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| 41028-100G | Biotium | 100G | EUR 266.4 |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100G |
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D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE224 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 67.2 |
D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE225 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 84 |
D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE226 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 207.6 |
Tris-EDTA buffer solution (10X, suitable for molecular biology, pH 8.0) |
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| GX7489-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 22.7 |
Tris-EDTA buffer solution (10X, suitable for molecular biology, pH 8.0) |
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| GX7489-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 45.2 |
Tris-EDTA buffer solution (10X, suitable for molecular biology, pH 8.0) |
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| GX7489-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 15.9 |
MOPS buffer (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE194 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 102 |
MOPS buffer (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE195 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 169.2 |
Glycerol 87 % (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE154 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 93.6 |
Dimethylsulfoxide (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE120 | GeneOn | 100 ml | EUR 66 |
Dimethylsulfoxide (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE121 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 110.4 |
Water, Ultrapure Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 41024-4L | Biotium | 4L | EUR 145.2 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 4L |
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Sodium chloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE205 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 62.4 |
Sodium chloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE206 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 70.8 |
Sodium chloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE207 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 123.6 |
Bis-Acrylamid (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE110 | GeneOn | 50 g | EUR 94.8 |
Bis-Acrylamid (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE111 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 259.2 |
Urea Crystalline (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE167 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 72 |
Urea Crystalline (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE168 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 181.2 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE105 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 55.2 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE106 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 72 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE107 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 153.6 |
TRIS-Glycine-SDS Buffer 10X, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE9118-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 75.3 |
TRIS-Glycine-SDS Buffer 10X, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE9118-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 30.1 |
SSC Buffer (20X) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE229 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 86.4 |
3-Methylbutan-1-ol, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS6015-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 74.5 |
3-Methylbutan-1-ol, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS6015-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 301.4 |
XTT sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE250 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 208.8 |
XTT sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE251 | GeneOn | 500 mg | EUR 612 |
Glycerol waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE155 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 78 |
Glycerol waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE156 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 102 |
Glycerol waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE157 | GeneOn | 2.5 l | EUR 170.4 |
NADP - sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE200 | GeneOn | 250 mg | EUR 92.4 |
NADP - sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE201 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 190.8 |
Di-iso-propylethylamine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS7181-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 143.3 |
Di-iso-propylethylamine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS7181-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 474.2 |
Guanidine Thiocyanate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE164 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 86.4 |
Guanidine Thiocyanate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE165 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 192 |
Guanidine Thiocyanate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE166 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 307.2 |
NADH - Disodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE198 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 91.2 |
NADH - Disodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE199 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 244.8 |
Ammonium acetate 7.5M solution, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GX5459-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 271.2 |
Ammonium acetate 7.5M solution, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GX5459-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 90.4 |
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GS5724-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 126.3 |
Ammonium acetate 5M solution, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GX2678-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 271.2 |
Ammonium acetate 5M solution, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GX2678-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 90.4 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE163 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 352.8 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE160 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 93.6 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE161 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 153.6 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE162 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 232.8 |
Yeast extract powder (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE169 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 133.2 |
D(+)-Glucose waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE148 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 67.2 |
D(+)-Glucose waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE149 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 75.6 |
D(+)-Glucose waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE150 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 180 |
Hyaluronidase Grade I (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE174 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 232.8 |
Hyaluronidase Grade I (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE175 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 920.4 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE202 | GeneOn | 25 mg | EUR 70.8 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE203 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 126 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE204 | GeneOn | 500 mg | EUR 374.4 |
Albumin fraction V (pH7,0) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE100 | GeneOn | 50 g | EUR 128.4 |
Albumin fraction V (pH7,0) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
|||
| CE101 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 193.2 |
Albumin fraction V (pH7,0) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
|||
| CE102 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 387.6 |
Albumin fraction V (pH7,0) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE103 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 656.4 |
Albumin fraction V (pH7,0) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE104 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 1162.8 |
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA number of single amino-acid substitutions in X-linked NLGN4 (NLGN4X) gene have been recognized in autistic sufferers. Nevertheless, it remained unclear how these point-mutations may have an effect on NLGN4 properties and affect synapse operate in people. Right here, we analyzed the mechanisms of an autism-associated R101Q variant in NLGN4. We exhibit that this mutation can straight impair NLGN4’s post-translational modification (PTM) by inhibiting N-linked glycosylation. These immaturely glycosylated merchandise exhibit categorical deficits in floor trafficking and synaptic localization, and thus symbolize a loss-of-function phenotype.